Preheat the oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Spray a 10-inch springform pan with nonstick cooking spray and set aside.
Whisk together 1 ¾ cups all-purpose flour, 1 ½ teaspoons baking powder, and 1 teaspoon salt in a medium bowl. Set aside.
Add 1 ⅓ cups granulated sugar and 2 tablespoons lemon zest to a large bowl or the bowl a of a stand mixer and rub the zest into the sugar until it releases its oil and the sugar becomes very fragrant.
Add 10 tablespoons softened unsalted butter and 1 15 (15-ounce) container whole milk ricotta cheese to the lemon sugar and beat with a hand mixer or stand mixer at high speed until light and fluffy, about 4-5 minutes. Scrape down the sides and bottom of the bowl as needed.
Add 2 large eggs, one at a time, mixing thoroughly after each addition. Add 2 teaspoons vanilla extract and ¼ cup fresh lemon juice and beat until combined.
Scrape down the sides and bottom of the bowl again and add the flour mixture to the ricotta mixture. Mix at medium speed just until combined.
Pour the batter into the prepared pan and bake for 50-55 minutes, until a toothpick comes out clean from the center of the cake, or the center springs back when you gently press on it.
Let the cake cool for 10 minutes in the pan before removing it and letting it cool completely on a cooling rack before serving. Dust with powdered sugar before serving, if desired.